Women, Children and Vulnerable Groups: Criminal Law, Protection and Access to Justice

Abstract

Women, children and vulnerable groups are often exposed to violence, abuse, exploitation and discrimination, making effective legal protection and access to justice essential. Criminal law plays an important role in preventing offences, ensuring accountability and protecting the dignity and safety of affected persons. However, legal protection is meaningful only when victims can easily access police authorities, courts, legal aid and other support mechanisms. This paper examines the role of criminal law in protecting women, children and vulnerable groups and evaluates the challenges they face in obtaining justice. It focuses on issues such as fear of reporting offences, social stigma, lack of awareness, economic dependence, delayed investigations and limited access to legal assistance. The study also highlights the importance of victim-friendly procedures, sensitive investigation and timely judicial processes. The paper argues that effective protection requires more than strong laws. It requires proper implementation, institutional accountability, accessible legal services and social support. Strengthening these mechanisms can improve confidence in the criminal justice system and ensure greater protection for vulnerable persons. The study concludes that a victim-centred and accessible approach is necessary to promote fairness, dignity and meaningful access to justice.